AKADEMİK ESSAY ÖRNEĞİ NİETZSCHE
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The Research Question: “Nietzsche introduces the concept of the Übermensch (also known as the
Over man or Superman) in texts such as “Thus spoke Zarathustra”, “The Gay
Science” and “Beyond Good and Evil”. Claiming that “God is dead”, he thought
that man was now ready to take control of his own destiny – Religion had served
its purpose, but now we no longer needed it, and man therefore naturally needed
to escape from dependencies such as Christianity which continued falsely to
promise us “other-worldly hopes in order to draw us away from the earth”. Man
had in–effect “grown up” – He had become a “superman”. Nietzsche praised man’s
noble position as the “highest species” and held up such figures as Napoleon as
a role model, urging us prudently to re-evaluate conventional and misleading
perceptions of what is good and what is evil. Write an academically
substantiated essay debating / evaluating the ethical correctness of whether or
not “we are ready to take over from god”.
Abstract
The aim of this essay is to indicate on the inferences of the thought
of the death of God with a sight to two related themes. The first theme is the
relationship between transcendent realm which had given a meaning to life and a
teleological rendition of Being and the world. The collapse of transcendent
leads to cause to loss of life goals /values and the sense of moral
obligations. The meaning of the death of God lies in the area of moral values
and assessment. The word of God refers to a hierarchical system of values that
slanders existence in the world and affirms the next world (life after death)
Nietzsche’s primary goal is to reveal the results of this collapse.
Concordantly, it has to be investigated whether the death of God install a
result to the world and human action. The first part of this essay, it is
needed to investigate Nietzsche’s central doctrines Eternal Recurrence of the Same. It
can be considered to be the most complicated idea in Nietzsche’s complete
works. Nietzsche does not give a clear explanation but spartanly implied to it
“most abysmal thought.” Second theme is that the relationship between the
nature and the task of thinking after the death of God and persecution
(suffering).The relationship between life and the value of persecution should be reassessed. In this context after the death of God, Nietzsche's claim is two-fold; the transformation
which claimed by Nietzsche does not annihilate suffering; however he affirm
that thinking is suffering.
The meaning of the death of God lies in the globe (area/sphere) of
moral values and assessment, and “God” refers to is a hierarchical system of
morals that confirms otherworldly recovery based on the denigration of worldly existence.
Nietzsche’s primary aim to reveal the many outcomes (results) of its collapse. Then the resulting this
collapse that life can no longer aim beyond itself towards another world, a
“Hinterwelt”, and that it is precisely this Otherworld that has collapsed. In this context, it is important to understand why
Nietzsche claimed that there is a need for a revolution of all values. For
this, it needs to be light the matters and teleological structure of
Christianity. The problem of this involves critique of morality. By explaining
them, it is possible to be acceptable the argument of Nietzsche which is the
reason of existence of all individuals in society to reach super human and to serve its purposes. In order to reach over man
there is no need the doctrines of religion, in particular Christianity which continued falsely to promise people
in order to move people away from the earth. Because people
no longer needed Hinterwelt’s air of mystery that has disappeared because of
the death of God.
Nietzsche is primarily concerned with matters of Christianity. Nietzsche is critical of religion and in
particular Christianity. According to Nietzsche religion is a kind of bulwark
which mankind preserves himself from concern and consternation.. He curses and despised to
Christianity in his work was
the Antichrist,
and studies about the origin of Christianity in several studies. According to him, "The first and the last Christian died on the cross."
Besides this, Nietzsche blamed that Christian morality completely severed from
reality as the most polemical attitude. He claimed that Christianity completely
“fictional world” and “the imaginary teleology.” By falsification of reality and
trivialized, Christian ethic of life place the goal of life beyond the life.
Serving to other world is a kind of measurement in order to determine the value
of everything in life.
Christianity was from
the beginning, essentially and fundamentally, life's nausea and disgust with
life, merely concealed behind, masked by, dressed up as, faith in
"another" or "better" life.(from Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, p.23, Walter
Kaufmann transl.)
Nietzsche’s account of religious belief is nearly
linked with his clarification of the master and slave morality. According to
Nietzsche, the reason of existence of all individuals in society to reach
“super human” and to serve its purposes. Then Nihilism appears as slave
morality.[1] (Nietzsche,1998, 70-74) Slaves
want to gain the power and honor of
aristocrats however it is difficult to get it. Slaves need an ideal
or a fictional God in order to forget
their weakness in real life.
According to Nietzsche, the sprawl of the ascetic
ideal in the West, springs in the slave revolt which he claimed began with the
Jewish prophets and continued with Christianity. He explained the background of
this in his book of Good and Evil and
developed in the Genealogy of Morals.
[2](Nietzsche, 2010, p72-73) Slaves
take offense the power of the aristocrats and the honor they gained but it is
difficult to express it directly. They claimed that the values of aristocracy
are evil and collapsed; they consecrate the life of misery and self-denial
which is the opposite life of aristocrats. They develop the ascetic ideal to
support their revolution and believe that God will punish evil perpetrator and
award the good slaves.
In this context, it can be said that
praise a life of poverty and self-denial have important roles in the lives of
common people. They suffer physically and
mentally but it should have a meaning. The ascetic ideal gives meaning
to their suffering and providing two vents for their resentment: First, slaves
get pleasure out of life because God will punish evil doers (aristocrats) and reward
the good (slaves). It can be said that it is an imaginary form of revenge. Secondly, an ascetic ideal makes
suffering meaningful and tolerable.[3]Due to ascetic idea, slaves
work for other-worldly
hopes whereas they do not notice that they have an enough power to gain honour
and power of aristocrats.
In Nietzsche’s works, master -
slave morality which is two fundamental types of morality, is a pivotal issue
of Nietzsche’s works in particular, the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality. It can be claimed that slave morality
values things like gentleness, obedience and sympathy
while master morality values pride, strength, and nobility. It can be said that
master morality measures actions on a scale of good or bad outcomes
unlike slave morality which measures actions on a scale of good or
evil resolutions (intentions). In this context, if it can be
accepted the thought of the dead of God, the concept of master and slave morality
can loss their meaning because the meaning of the death of “God” refers to is a
hierarchical system of values that confirms otherworldly recovery based on the
revilement (denigration) of worldly existence. When considered from this point of view, a hierarchical system of
values that slanders existence in the world and affirms the next world (life
after death) can collapse. Besides this, the concept of ascetic idea which
gives meaning to their (slave’s) suffering can lose its effect.[4]
Then eventuating (resulting) this collapse that life can no longer aim beyond
itself towards another world, a Hinterwelt,
and that it is literally this Otherworld
that has collapsed.
The meaning the death of
God lays in the area of moral values and assessment. It can be perceived that the death of God cause to loss of life goals /values and the sense
of moral obligations. Due to the death of God, people (slaves) can no longer
aim a “better life” where God will punish evil perpetrator and award the good
slaves. However, slaves still want to gain the power and honor of aristocrats
in this world. Resulting this, people need a new concept which is Will to Power instead of rewarding God. In this context, people do
not believe “other-worldly
hopes in order to draw us away from the earth” because people no longer needed Hinterwelt’s air of mystery that has
disappeared because of the death of God. It is possible to say people are ready
to take over because Christian Morality is a kind of fictional world which
human creates in the past due to the necessity. If human can accept that
Nietzsche’s argument which is “God is dead” then it directly mean that people
are ready for a revolution of values and destroy the sense of moral obligations
which Christianity creates.
To summarize, Nietzsche sharply critiqued the Christianity and
blamed that Christian morality completely severed from reality as the most
polemical attitude. It can be claimed that the death of God install two results
to the world and human action. Firstly, the meaning of the death of God lies in
the sphere (area) of moral values and assessments. Besides this, the word of
God refers to a hierarchical system of values, so the sense of moral
obligations which Christianity offers creates inequality among people. It can
be claimed that in order to gain the power and honor of aristocracy, slaves
need to create an ideal or a fictional God in order to forget their weakness in
real life. In this context, believing “God is dead” leads that there is a need
for a revolution of all (settled) values. In reality, in order to be ready to
take control of his destiny, people should refuse Christian morality. Secondly,
in order to reach super human profile and to serve its purposes, people no need
to accept this imaginary teleology.
Accepting this ideal or fictional God leads disseminations of religious
doctrine. Religion, in particular Christianity, is a kind of obstacle which
mankind preserves him from concern because it creates a curtain in front of the
people’s eyes. In this situation, there is no possible way of escaping from
dependencies and people cannot see the reality. They still continue to work
their other-worldly hopes because Christian morality severed from reality and
offers a “better life”. For these reasons, it can be said that man is ready to
take control of his fatality and no need
the doctrines of religion because human have enough power to create a world
without the sense of moral obligations and to reach “super human”.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Nietzsche, Friedrich. On the
genealogy of morals and ecce homo. Random House LLC, 2010.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. "Ahlakın
soykütüğü üzerine." Çev. Ahmet İnam) Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları
(1998).
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. Thus
spoke Zarathustra: A book for everyone and nobody. Oxford University Press,
2005.
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. Twilight
of the Idols with the Antichrist and Ecce Homo. Wordsworth Editions, 2007.
Pike, Albert. Morals and Dogma of
the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. Masonic Publishing
Company, 1874.
Young, Julian. Nietzsche's
philosophy of religion. Cambridge: Cambridge, 2006.
[1] Nietzsche, Friedrich. "Ahlakın
soykütüğü üzerine." Çev. Ahmet İnam) Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları
(1998) p70-74.
[3] “Blind
pupils. -- As long as a man knows very well the strength and weaknesses
of his teaching, his art, his religion, its power is still slight. The pupil
and apostle who, blinded by the authority of the master and by the piety he
feels toward him, pays no attention to the weaknesses of a teaching, a
religion, and soon usually has for that reason more power than the master. The
influence of a man has never yet grown great without his blind pupils. To help
a perception to achieve victory often means merely to unite it with stupidity
so intimately that the weight of the latter also enforces the victory of the
former.”(from Nietzsche's Human, all too Human, s.122,
R.J. Hollingdale transl.)
[4] Nietzsche’s interpretation of suffering appears strange.
There is no need to remove the pain of our lives. If is possible to understand
that pain is negative and harmful then human can try to avoid him. This is also
special to last person.
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