Akademik Essay Örneği 2 "Research Question"
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The Research Question: At the beginning of chapter II of
the Vindication of the Rights of Woman,Wollstonecraft states that women are
subject to the tyranny of men. Does she mean that men exercise the same power
to restrict actions as Hobbes' absolute sovereign
does? If
not, how do their conception of freedom and tyranny differ, and how does
that affect
your assessment of Wollstonecraft's statement? Please argue for your
answer with
reference to Hobbes' Leviathan and Wollstonecrafts' A Vindication of the
Rights of
Woman.
Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman which is a defense of the Rousseau’s
famous book Emile and its principles. Wollstonecraft states that women are
subject to the tyranny of men especially in terms of education and social life at the beginning of chapter II of
the Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Famous writers such as John
Gregory and James Fordyce as well as educational philosopher Jean-Jacque
Rousseau, point that women should be educated for the pleasure of men. There is
no need to give them rational education and in this context women’s education
should be traditional, not critical and equitable. Wollstonecraft wrote that “…taught
from their infancy that beauty is woman's sceptre, the mind shapes itself to
the body, and, roaming round its gilt cage, only seeks to adorn its
prison",[1] impliying that
contemporary education theory encourage women to concentrate their care on
beauty.
Mary Wollstonecraft placed emphasis on education in her book which is A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman. If it is not given importance on
education in terms of women,
women become slaves of men. Wollstonecraft
claims that contemporary education theory and being educated for the pleasure
of men which placed upon women converts them as a slave and most useless
members of society, because it is traditional and not rational.[2] This traditional education system compel women to focalize
(focus) their attention on refinement. (Wollstonecraft, 2004, p31) However, women’s education must not be irrational
and preparing them to subserve men because women also have the same human
rights as men. It is acceptable that women
According to Hobbes' Leviathan, dominant nationalities will decide which ideas
are taught. In other words the sovereignty has absolute
power of determining the rules that let man identify what goods he may indulge
and what actions he may execute without being distressed by any of congeneric. Sovereign
power control the thoughts in the books. Because people's actions reflect his thoughts.[3]
In this case people’s actions must be well managed. Similarly Rousseau’s
contemporary education system converts woman as a slave. Wollstonecraft sharply
criticized that this educational approach forces woman not to use their “Reason”.[4]
As a result, women are subject to the tyranny of
men because man has an absolute power and has ability to control woman who are
subject to contemporary education system. In both cases sovereign power has an
absolute power and others have to comply with the rules of dominant.
At the beginning of chapter II of
the Vindication of the Rights of Woman,Wollstonecraft states that women are
subject to the tyranny of men. As
women were living under tyranny of men, the relationship between humans
transformed into institutional structure.It can be said that just as Hobbes' Leviathan, in the
family institution woman has no personal ideas because man has absolute power
and can control woman.Woman has to obey the rules which defined by man.Woman
has no right to reflect her thoughts because man will decide which opinions are
taught. Wollstonecraft mean that men exercise the same power to restrict
actions as Hobbes' absolute sovereign.
According to Thomas Hobbes, people are born
equal and nature has created people equal in terms of mental ability and physical qualities. Besides
this insecurity arises from the equation. If two people want
something which they cannot have at the same time, they become hostile each
other. In order to protect their assets, they try
to destroy each other or to take domination. This is the
rule of nature. (Hobbes,2013, 99)
Insecurity
arises from the war. Hobbes stated “Because of this distrust amongst men the
most reasonable way for any man to make himself safe is to strike first that is
by force or cunning subdue other men…” People want to increase their power
though conquest otherwise in the merely defensive status there is no way to be
able to survive for long. (By just defense it is unable to maintain their
power.)
In the light of this information it can
be said that in the nature of man we obtained 3 major reasons of inconsistency:
“competition, distrust, glory.”According
to Hobbes people need to a sovereign power to avoid war.It can be said that
people are in the provision known as “war” without a common power that keep
them all peacefully.Therefore, a time of war brings different porblems.In the
condition of war there is no place to hard work and produce because provision
of study is ambiguous and there is no guarantee that will yield benefit. The
unkindest cut of all,there is always fear and danger of violent death and the
life of man “solitary, nasty, brutish,
poor and short.”
According to Hobbes people need absolute power to live in peace.Absolute
power prevents war between people. For example, savages in many parts of
America do not have any form of governmnent.They still live in the wild island.Without
an absolute power to be feared, civil war would be inevitable.The Vindication of the Rights of
Woman,Wollstonecraft states that women are subject to the tyranny of men.Woman
can not survive without men. If we consider the family as a
corporate structure, man has absolute power and they have an authority to
woman. According to Wollstonecraft absolute power is dangerous because a person
who has absolute power can loss control and damage. Here, men exercise the same power to
restrict actions as Hobbes' absolute sovereign.
In the light of the above discription, although Hobbes claimed that
nature has made men so equal in terms of mental and physical abilities,he
determined position of women and men by supporting the idea of state. He
claimed that there is an institutional structure of social relations between people which result in a murder for women. Hobbes did not
claimed that in the family, dominant power is needed directly however he
supported that in order to live peacefully people need to a sovereign power.
Due to family is the smallest unit of the state, the necessity of a sovereign power in the family needs to be considered
and only the fittest can survive.
Mary Wollstonecraft sharply critized the idea of Rousseau that men and
women are not created equally. He claimed that men and women are different in terms of inclinations
and perceptions.
“Boys want movement and noise, drums, tops, toy-carts; girls prefer
things which appeal to the eye, and can be used for dressing-up-mirrors,
jewelry, finery, and specially dolls. The doll is the girl’s special plaything;
this shows her instinctive bent towards her life’s work.”[5]
(Rousseau, 1979, 358)
In the light of Rousseau’s view it
can be said that there is no need to give women the same education as men
because of the natural differences between men and women.
Whereas Hobbes claimed
that people are born equal and nature has created
people equal in terms of mental ability and physical qualities. Men and women have the
same qualities; however he thinks that a man who has absolute power manage the
others. Others have an obligation to obey. Sovereign power dominate this
opinion may create differences between men and women. In a
family man who is physically strong can be ordered. In this case, woman is
subject to the tranny of man because of diathesis (physical weakness)
Wollstonecraft’s view of
women’s position in society is the completely opposite of Rousseau. Rousseau stated
that maternity is the most essential duty for woman. Mary agrees that child
rearing is woman’s duty; however just child rearing and child care restrain
woman’s social life because woman is the component of the society. In other
words, at the same time woman has a social life and they are able to attend in
society. In the institution of family, man has an absolute power on the social
life of woman and they have been limited by men, in activities their view of
the world is minimized and hence they are not using “Reason” their lives. (Wollstonecraft, 2004, p54-57).If man who
has absolute power on woman in the family permit them to perform (execute) “Reason and Understanding”, and only
though women will be able to constituents of society [6]
There are similarities
Wollstonecraft’s absolute power on women and Hobbes ‘sovereign power’ lead to
tyranny .It can be said that if people gives their rights to a man or a
council, he can convert the state as a tyranny because a man who has absolute
power on state abuse of power. It can be claimed that people do not need
to a sovereign power to avoid war.It is not logical to say that people are in
the provision known as “war” without a common power that keep them all
peacefully.Similarly if woman gives her fundamental rights to men in the
structure of family, they have to live under the absolute power of men so
absolute power manage people and minimize their freedom.In this case men exercise the same power to
restrict actions as Hobbes' absolute sovereign.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brody, Miriam. "Mary Wollstonecraft: sexuality and
women's rights." Feminist Theories (1983): 40-59.
Hobbes, Thomas. "Leviathan, MacPherson, CB."
(1961).
Rousseau, Emile.
"trans. Allan Bloom." Emile, or on Education (1979): 143-46.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Penguin UK, 2004, page 55-58
.
[1] Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
Penguin UK, 2004, page 157; cited in
[2] Rousseau claimed that…”and
made a coquetish slave in order to render her a more alluring object of desire,
a sweeter companion to man, whenever he chooses to relax himsef.”
Wollstonecraft, Mary. A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Penguin UK, 2004, page 36
[3] Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan, or the matter, forme and power of a
commonwealth ecclesiasticall and civil. Yale University Press, 1928.
[5] Rousseau, Emile. "trans. Allan Bloom." Emile,
or on Education (1979): 143-46.
[6] Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
Penguin UK, 2004, page 52-57
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